I will try to explain the structure
part in the TOEFL test. After looking for a reference, I will discuss 5 of 20
materials that are often out on the TOEFL test structure.
a.
Basic Sentences Stucture
There
was no significant difference between the structure of English sentences with
Indonesian, where a sentence is built upon four main components :
Subject
(S) + Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier (M)
1.
SUBJECT
· is the agent of sentence in the active voice
· is thing/person that performs or responsible for the action
of a sentence
· normally precedes the verb
Example
:
1. I explain
how to study English
2. She listens
to my explanation
3. They didn’t
understand that language
2. VERB
Verb is the action of a sentence
Example :
1. I am
learning English (am = auxilary, learning =
main verb)
2. My brother is very
clever
3. She has
gone home (has = auxilary, gone =
main verb)
4. I have
been waiting here (have been = auxilary, waiting =
main verb
3.
COMPLEMENT
Example
:
•
Sarijon bought a cake yesterday
What
did Sarijon buy yesterday? –> a cake.
•
He saw Tony at the movie
Whom
did he see at the movie? –> Tony
•
I explain pharmacology to my students
What
do I explain to my students? –> pharmacology
4.
MODIFIER
Example
:
•
John bought a book at a book fair
Where
did John buy a book? –> at a book fair
•
She is driving very fast
How
is she driving? –> very fast
•
I posted my application yesterday
When
do I post my application? –> yesterday
b. Parallel
Structure
Parallelism
meaning of words used in a network or cluster should have the same grammatical
form. When we use words or phrases that are connected by the conjunction in a
network, the form should be the same as grammar.
Example
:
*
Terry likes swimming and to dive. (False – not parallel)
*
Terry likes swimming and diving. (True – parallel)
*
Terry likes to swim and (to) dive. (True – parallel)
*
I’m taking history, math, and chemical. (False – Chemical isn’t a noun)
*
I’m taking history, math, and chemistry
c.
Comparative Adjectives
When
talking about the two objects, we can compare and see the differences as well
similarities between the two objects. Maybe it has the same thing on one side
and the difference on the other side. To compare the difference between the two
objects we use comparative adjectives. Comparison is only using comparative
adjectives to compare between two objects only.
There
are two ways to create a comparative adjectives:
1.
Adding the suffix-er (short adjectives)
2.
Adding more prefix (long adjectives)
Addition
of a suffix rule for short adjectives:
-
Generally only added adjective-er, for example: older, smaller, richer, etc.
-
If the ending-e, just add r, for example: later, nicer, etc..
-
If the ending in a consonant-vowel-consonant, the final consonant plus, then
plus-er, for example: bigger, hotter, etc.
-
If the ending-y, then y changed to i then added er, for example: happier,
Earlier, busier, heavier, etc.
For
long adjectives, the rule only adds more words only on adjectives, for example:
expensive to be more expensive, more beautiful to be beautiful, and so on.
Some
adjectives have irregular shapes, such as good - better, well (healthy) -
better, bad - worse, far - farther / further, etc.
Adjectives
with two syllables can use-er or more: quiet - quieter / more quiet, clever -
cleverer / more clever, narrow - narrower / more narrow, simple - Simpler /
more simple. Comparative adjectives are not only used to compare two different
objects, but can also be used to compare the same object that points to itself,
and the object is not to say, as one example sentence above: I want to have a
more powerful computer.
1.
Adjectives with one syllable
To
make the comparative form of an adjective with one syllable, we add-er to the
adjective, for example:
•
slow - slower
•
fast - faster
•
tall - taller
•
short – shorter
To
make a comparison of an adjective with one syllable and ends with the letter-e,
we simply add-r. example:
•
nice - nicer
•
large – larger
If
adjectives with one syllable ending with vowels and consonants, then we double
the consonant. example:
•
- big - bigger
•
hot - hotter
•
thin – thinner
2.
Adjectives with two syllables
If
the adjective has two or more syllables, we add the adjective moresebelum.
example:
•
This book is more expensive than that book.
•
This picture is more beautiful.
However,
there are many exceptions to the rule of one / two syllables it.
Some
words with 2 syllables have properties similar to words that have 1 syllable.
example:
•
This is Easier - True
•
This is more easy - not really
•
This is Simpler - True
•
This is more simple – False
And
some adjectives can use both comparative form. example:
-
Clever - cleverer - more clever: These are all correct
-
Quiet - quieter - more quiet: These are all correct.
No
exceptions can be learned through the rules, the best way to learn is to learn
it one by one.
d. Conditional
Clauses
Conditional
(sentence presupposition) explains that an activity contrary to other
activities. The most common conditional is Real and Unreal Conditonal
Conditonal, sometimes called if-clauses.
Real
Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type I) which describes if
in accordance with the facts.Unreal Conditional (often also referred to as
Conditional Type II) which describes the supposition that no real or imagined.
There
is also a 3rd Conditional often called the Conditional Type III, is used as a
regret that happened in the past and zero conditionals, used to express
something that is definitely true. Note: If the clause "if" is placed
at the beginning of a sentence, we must use the "coma". Conversely,
if the clause "if" is behind, then there should be no comma.
Conditional
or modality has 3 forms:
1.
Future Conditional (Conditional Type 1)
This
assumption states that something might happen in the future or now, if the
terms / certain conditions are met.
Type
1 Conditional formula:
· Subject + If + subject + present simple modals (will, can,
may, must) V1 (simple form)
example:
If have money I will buy a new car
· Simple If + Subject + ... + subject + present simple-present
example:
If he has enough time, John usually walks to school.
· If + Subject + ... + command simple present form
example:
If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me!
2.
Unreal Present (Conditional Type 2)
This
assumption states something contrary to what exists or happens now.
+
If + subject + subject + simple past modals (would, could, might) V1 (Simple
Form)
example:
If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend
(I
do not have time so I could not go)
.
If
the conditional type 2 can be removed is by using pattern inversion:
Were
+ subject + Adj / Noun + capital + subject (would, could, might) + V1
example:
Were I John I would not forgive you.
(If
only I was the john I will not forgive you, in fact I
not
john so I forgive you / I'm not John so I forgive you).
He
could hug me, if he were here. (She may hug me, if he's here). The fact is: he
can not hug me, Because, he is not here.
3.
Unreal Past (Conditional Type 3)
This
assumption states something contrary to what has happened (past).
Type
3 Conditional formula:
+
If + Subject + Past Perfect ... subject modals (would, could, might) have + V3
example:
1.
If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(If
only we knew you were there, we had sent a letter to you;
which
means that we do not send the letter because we do not know you're there / I
did not know that you were there so I did not write you a letter.
e. Noun
Clauses
Noun
clause is a clause (ie subject and verb) is used as a noun. Noun clause in the sentence
is generally used as a subject and an object sentences.
Noun
clause can be preceded by:
•
Question word or relative pronoun question either single word or phrase:
Single
question word (ie when, how, what, ect.).
Question
word + determiner / noun / adjective / adverb.
Question
word + infinitive.
So
the pattern of the noun clause is:
Question
word / conjunction / that + subject + verb + ...
A.
Noun clauses beginning with the words Question
How
to Address Questions in've discussed about the use of the word good in making
the information asked questions and in making embedded questions. Embedded
questions are noun clause. In this section are given additional examples to
refresh your memory.
1.
Single question words.
Example:
1.
Where she is now is still unknown.
2.
When they arrive is still uncertain.
Noun
clause can be placed at the beginning of the sentence (as subject) or as an
object. If you want to change the position of the subject noun clause object
sentence into a sentence, it is usually necessary pronoun or a slight
modification of the word.
The
above example becomes:
1.
It is still unknown where she is now.
2.
Do you know when they arrive?
3.
Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did
last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Because the title of
movies, noun clause what you did last summer does not need to be rotated
position.
Note:
a)
Clause question preceded by certain words (ie when, Whenever, where) can also
function as an adverbial clause.
Example:
1.
I was reading a book when the phone rang.
2.
I went to where I and my ex-girlfriend had been last weekend.
3.
Suddenly I get nausea Whenever I see his face. (Nausea = nausea / vomiting
willing).
b).
Clause is preceded by the words specific question (ie who, Whom, Whose + noun)
can also function as an adjective clause. In this case, the question is
actually a relative pronoun. Well, do not be too confused by the term.
Important that you understand the pattern / structure of the sentence. But, if
you are curious, please read the adjective clauses topic.
Example:
1.
I think you Whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (I guess you (people) who pack Dodi
were looking for earlier).
2.
Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.
3.
Rommy, Whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.
So,
how to tell if the noun clause, adverbial clause, or adjective clause? The
answer is simple. Noun clause can be replaced by the pronoun it, while the
adverbial clause and adjective clause no. Noun clause answers the question what
and who / Whom; adverbial clause answering questions when, where, how
(including how much, how often, ect), and why. Adjective clause (ie in the form
of an adjective clause) describes noun, and relative pronounnya (ie who, that,
ect.) In Indonesian means "the".
2.
Question words + ever / soever
Except
how, at the end of question words can be added ever or soever Whenever =
whensoever, whatever = whatsoever, and so on. Meaning here ever or soever the
same, ie only / no, stay combined with a question word in front of him.
Meanwhile, how + ever be however (ie adverb or also called a transition word
meaning yet / even if it is) is not included in this category.
Example:
1.
We will accept whatever you want us to do. (We will accept / do whatever you
want us to do).
2.
Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (Melt = melt). Be careful:
guy (pronounced gae) = men, while gay (read gei) = fag = fag.
3.
She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (He has agreed to take him
wherever he goes). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (in this case to,
etc.) Is usually placed at the end of the sentence. She has agreed wherever the
man would bring her to.
3.
Question nouns + words
Question
words + nouns are often used, among others: what time (time), what day (what
day), what time (time), what kind (what kind), what type (what type), Whose +
nouns (ie Whose car, Whose book, ect.), and so on.
Example:
1.
I can not remember what day we will take the exam.
2.
As long as I am faithful, she does not care what type of family I come from.
(Faithful = loyal).
3.
Do you know what time it is?
4.
I do not know Whose car is parked in front of my house.
4.
Question adjectives + words
+
Question words are frequently used adjectives such as: how long (how long /
long), how far (how much), how old (how old / Age), ect.
Example:
1.
Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
2.
I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3.
What a jerk. He did not even ask how long I had been waiting for him.
5.
Question words + determiners.
Determiners
+ Question words often used is: how many (how many) and how much (how many).
Remember: how many followed by plural nouns, whereas how much followed by
uncountable nouns.
Example:
1.
Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many
books he or she has?
2.
How much will improve your English skills is determined by how hard you
practice.
6.
Question words + adverbs.
+
Question words are frequently used adverbs are: how Often (how often), how many
times (how many times) ect.
Example:
1.
Often no matter how I practice, my English still sucks. (No matter how many
times I practice, my english is bad). Suck (informal verb) = bad / not good;
suck another meaning: suck.
2.
I do not want my parents to know how many times I have left school early.
(Leave school early = absent).
7.
Question words + infinitives.
If
the question words immediately followed by infinitives, the invinitives implies
shouldatau can / could. Note that the subject after question words omitted.
Example:
1.
She did not know what to do = She did not know what she should do. (He does not
know what he should do).
2.
Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I
can get the train station from here.
3.
We have not Decided when to go to the beach = We have not Decided when we
should go to the beach.
4.
Mary told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.
B.
Noun clauses beginning with Whether / if
Whether
can be followed by OR / NOT can not; meaning of the sentence is usually the
same although the OR / NOT is not mentioned (it depends on the context of the
sentence).
Example:
1. Whether I am not sure
she is coming or not = I am not sure Whether or not she is coming = I am not
sure Whether she is coming. (I'm not sure whether he will come or not).
2. We can not decide
Whether we should go out or stay home. = We can not decide Whether to go or
(to) stay home. Note, infinitives can also be used after Whether.
3. Whether I am not sure
I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (I'm not sure
if I should take some Economic Law after graduating from high school or later).
C.
Noun clauses beginning with that / the fact that
Here,
that means that, while the fact that means the fact that. Whereas, that in
adjective clauses mean that.
Example:
1.
That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It
surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
2.
It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is
well known.
3.
It was obvious that she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was
obvious.
4.
It seems that it is going to rain soon.
Example
Problem:
1.
The teacher heard who answered the question. (C)
Analysis:
•
The first sentence "The teacher heard" is true because the subject
teacher and heard verbnya. The second sentence "Who answered the
phoned" is also true because who serves as a subject and answered as
verbnya. Who at the same time also serves as connetor.
•
So the above sentence is correct.
2.
I do not understand it went wrong. (I)
Analysis:
•
The first sentence "I do not understand" is correct because I do not
understand the subject and verb. The second sentence "it went wrong"
is wrong because there is no connector at once subject.
•
correct sentence should be: I do not understand what went wrong.What subject
and also serves as a connector, while his went as a verb.
3.
Of the three movies, I can not decide is the best roomates. (C)
Analysis:
•
In the first sentence, I can not decide as Subject and as a verb. In the second
sentence, roomates as well as the subject and the connector is a verb.
4.
She did not remember who in her class. (I)
Analysis:
•
In the first sentence, as She did not remember the subject and the verb.
Dikalimat second, who as a connector and also subject but no verbnya,
•
ayng correct sentence should ................. who was in her class.
5.
No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building. (I)
Analysis:
•
The first sentence is correct because No one is subject and is is a verb, but
the second sentence is wrong because there was and it did. Seharusnay did and
it deleted and verb "happen" into the past tense
"happened".
•
So the correct sentence should be: ....... what happened in front of the
building.
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